The Joseph Rowntree Foundation has published a long-term historical survey (Summary) of the development of models of community and mutual ownership. The project identified five models of ‘community and mutual’ ownership:  customary and common; community; co-operative and mutual; charitable; and municipal and state ownership.
It argues that there is now an opportunity for community and mutual ownership to help meet needs. However, in the past, community and mutual ownership was built up over a long time and depended upon the growth of popular participation and associated feelings of ownership.  Nurturing community and mutual ownership requires a coherent and systematic approach, based on a clear set of values, if it is to realise its full potential.